প্রকাশিত আর্টিকেল - SMH Amiri

সর্বশেষ লিখাসমূহ

প্রকাশিত আর্টিকেল

Research Publications | Academic Hub
| My published article in international journal | Sayed Mahbub Hasan Amiri |
| Showing 26 | Sorted by Recent | Co-authors 11 |

The global COVID-19 pandemic acted as a profound catalyst, forcing an unprecedented and rapid shift to remote learning and exposing both the potential and the deep-seated vulnerabilities within global education systems.

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The global COVID-19 pandemic acted as a profound catalyst, forcing an unprecedented and rapid shift to remote learning and exposing both the potential and the deep-seated vulnerabilities within global education systems. This paper argues that the post-pandemic educational landscape is irrevocably shifting towards a hybrid learning model, which integrates face-to-face instruction with technology-mediated learning experiences. This transition is not merely a temporary adjustment but a fundamental restructuring of pedagogical delivery, with Educational Technology (EdTech) at its core. The paper explores the dual role of EdTech as both an enabler of flexibility, personalization, and accessibility, and a potential amplifier of existing inequalities the "digital divide." Through a thematic analysis of recent literature, this study examines key themes, including the redefinition of teacher and student roles, the importance of digital pedagogy over mere tool usage, and the critical need for robust infrastructure and educator professional development. The conclusion posits that the successful implementation of a hybrid future is contingent upon a strategic, equitable, and pedagogically grounded integration of EdTech, moving beyond emergency remote teaching to create a more resilient, inclusive, and effective educational ecosystem.

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Amiri, S. M. H., Goswami, P., Islam, M. M., Kabir, M. S., Hossen, M. S., Barmmon, C.K., Amiri, S. M. H. (2025). he Future of Learning is Hybrid: Exploration of EdTech's Role in Shaping the Post-Pandemic Educational Landscape. Research Square, DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7754491/v1

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The pervasive influence of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital technologies in children's lives necessitates a balanced approach to parenting in the digital age.

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The pervasive influence of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital technologies in children's lives necessitates a balanced approach to parenting in the digital age. This article examines how to raise children who are technologically adept while maintaining their cognitive, social, and emotional well-being. Through a comprehensive literature review, we explore the dual impact of AI-driven tools on education and development, highlighting both their potential benefits such as personalized learning and enhanced problem-solving skills and their risks, including excessive screen time, privacy concerns, and reduced face-to-face interactions. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative insights from parents and educators with quantitative data on children’s tech usage patterns. Findings suggest that while AI can significantly enrich learning experiences, its unregulated use may hinder critical developmental milestones. We propose actionable strategies for parents to set healthy digital boundaries, for educators to integrate AI responsibly in classrooms, and for policymakers to enforce child-centric tech regulations. The discussion emphasizes the importance of fostering digital literacy alongside offline activities to ensure holistic child development. By bridging research and practical recommendations, this article contributes to the ongoing dialogue on nurturing well-rounded, tech-savvy children in an increasingly AI-driven world.

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Amiri, S. M. H. (2025). Beyond Access: Measuring the Impact of Equitable Education Policies on Marginalized Communities. SocioEdu : Sociological Education, 6(2), 118-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.59098/socioedu.v6i2.2581

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Education policy with a mandate for social justice is frequently heralded to disrupt white supremacy so the children of the oppressed can succeed, but the efficacy of such policies results largely unknown.

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Education policy with a mandate for social justice is frequently heralded to disrupt white supremacy so the children of the oppressed can succeed, but the efficacy of such policies results largely unknown. Here we investigate policy efficiency in Ghana, India, and Finland through prismatic: a mixed-methods approach involving quantitative analysis of enrolment, employment, and literacy and qualitative information from policymakers, teachers and students. Such testing indicts programmes such as Ghana’s Free Senior High School (SHS) policy and India’s Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) approach, which successfully increased access 34 per cent enrolment gains in Ghana, 25 per cent literacy gains in India but suffered from implementation deficits including overcrowded classrooms, teacher shortages and unequal distribution of resources. Finland’s equity-oriented system, with an emphasis on teacher autonomy and digital inclusion, contributed to small urban-rural differences in academic achievement (Less then 5%), but persistent gender disparities in STEM fields. Qualitative stories revealed widespread neglect on disability inclusion, with 70% of Indian TaRL schools being without accessible materials, and the lack of connection between policy development and local aspirations. Cross-case analysis revealed commitment of the community, phased funding and relevant curricula as enablers, whereas lack of infrastructure and customary practices acted as resistant factors. The research calls for a move around metrics from access-based to holistic measures of impact, focused on teacher training, digital equity and inclusive design. By cantering marginalized voices and embracing adaptive paradigms, policymakers can refashion education from an instrument of exclusion to one of liberation through which we optimize equitable systems to educate all learners for the challenges of the 21st century.

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Amiri, S. M. H. (2025). Beyond Access: Measuring the Impact of Equitable Education Policies on Marginalized Communities. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, IX(VII), 2255-2271. https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.907000186

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Green computing represents a critical pathway to decarbonize the digital economy while maintaining technological progress.

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Green computing represents a critical pathway to decarbonize the digital economy while maintaining technological progress. This article examines how sustainable IT strategies including energy-efficient hardware, AI-optimized data centres, and circular e-waste systems can transform computing into a net carbon sink. Through analysis of industry best practices and emerging technologies like quantum computing and biodegradable electronics, we demonstrate achievable reductions of 40-60% in energy consumption without compromising performance. The study highlights three key findings: (1) current solutions already deliver both environmental and economic benefits, with typical payback periods of 3-5 years; (2) systemic barriers including cost premiums and policy fragmentation require coordinated action; and (3) next-generation innovations promise order-of-magnitude improvements in efficiency. We present a practical framework for stakeholders from corporations adopting renewable-powered cloud services to individuals extending device lifespans to accelerate the transition. The research underscores computing's unique potential as a climate solution through its rapid innovation cycles and measurable impacts, concluding that strategic investments in green IT today can yield disproportionate sustainability dividends across all sectors tomorrow. This work provides both a compelling case for urgent action and a clear roadmap to realize computing's potential as a powerful carbon destruction tool in the climate crisis era.

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Amiri, S. M. H., Goswami, P., Islam, M.M., Hossen, M.S., Mithila, M., Akter, N.(2025). Green Computing: The Ultimate Carbon Destroyer for a Sustainable Future. arXiv, Cornell University. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.00153

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Built on homogeneity and silos of information transmission, today's dominant forms of education are progressively unsuited to the reality of the 21st century, defined by VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity), including and notably the climate problem.

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Built on homogeneity and silos of information transmission, today's dominant forms of education are progressively unsuited to the reality of the 21st century, defined by VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity), including and notably the climate problem. Engaged learners, a widening knowledge relevance gap, and isolated information that produces graduates without understanding of what to do in a whole-minded manner to face challenges in the real world all follow from this disconnection and miscorrelation. In this article, these shortcomings are addressed by a novel, integrative framework, woven from four evidence-based pillars that seek to develop future-ready “planetary citizens”: (1) Competency-Based Education (CBE) as the architectural base, focusing on mastery of portable skills (transferable across different life domains); (2) Climate Awareness & Action as the thematic and moral center, grounding learning in pressing, real-world contexts; (3) Cross-Disciplinary Learning as the cognitive motor, weaving disparate knowledge domains into a tapestry that reflects real-world complexity; and (4) Gamification as the motivational agent, applying game design ingredients to boost motivation and persistence. This paradigm is strong because it is synergistic: climate action analyses intentional learning; CBE provides responsibility and structure; cross-disciplinarity adds variety and complexity; and lastly, game theory supports sustainability and participation. From all levels of curriculum design, assessment, teacher development, infrastructure, and climate change reduction, implementation is grounded on basic design concepts. This new paradigm seeks to enable deep learning, climate competence, educational relevance and empowered agency to change toward a sustainable future.

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Amiri, S. M. H., Islam, M.M., Hossen, M.S., Amiri, S. M. H., Mamun, M.S.A., Akter, N. (2025). Designing the future of education: Integrating gamification, climate awareness, and cross-disciplinary learning into competency-based education. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 16(1), 2084-2108. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.16.1.2155

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Large language models (LLMs) like GPT-3 and BERT have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP), yet their environmental costs remain dangerously overlooked.

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Large language models (LLMs) like GPT-3 and BERT have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP), yet their environmental costs remain dangerously overlooked. This article critiques the sustainability of LLMs, quantifying their carbon footprint, water usage, and contribution to e-waste through case studies of models such as GPT-4 and energy-efficient alternatives like Mistral 7B. Training a single LLM can emit carbon dioxide equivalent to hundreds of cars driven annually, while data centre cooling exacerbates water scarcity in vulnerable regions. Systemic challenges corporate greenwashing, redundant model development, and regulatory voids perpetuate harm, disproportionately burdening marginalized communities in the Global South. However, pathways exist for sustainable NLP: technical innovations (e.g., model pruning, quantum computing), policy reforms (carbon taxes, mandatory emissions reporting), and cultural shifts prioritizing necessity over novelty. By analysing industry leaders (Google, Microsoft) and laggards (Amazon), this work underscores the urgency of ethical accountability and global cooperation. Without immediate action, AIs ecological toll risks outpacing its societal benefits. The article concludes with a call to align technological progress with planetary boundaries, advocating for equitable, transparent, and regenerative AI systems that prioritize both human and environmental well-being.

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Amiri, S. M. H., Goswami, P., Islam, M.M., Hossen, M.S., Amiri, S. M. H., Akter, N.(2025). The Carbon Cost of Conversation, Sustainability in the Age of Language Models. arXiv, Cornell University. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.20018

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This research introduces an innovative voice-assisted debugging plugin for Python that transforms silent runtime errors into actionable audible diagnostics.

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This research introduces an innovative voice-assisted debugging plugin for Python that transforms silent runtime errors into actionable audible diagnostics. By implementing a global exception hook architecture with pyttsx3 text-to-speech conversion and Tkinter-based GUI visualization, the solution delivers multimodal error feedback through parallel auditory and visual channels. Empirical evaluation demonstrates 37% reduced cognitive load (p<0.01, n=50) compared to traditional stack-trace debugging, while enabling 78% faster error identification through vocalized exception classification and contextualization. The system achieves sub-1.2 second voice latency with under 18% CPU overhead during exception handling, vocalizing error types and consequences while displaying interactive tracebacks with documentation deep links. Criteria validate compatibility across Python 3.7+ environments on Windows, macOS, and Linux platforms. Needing only two lines of integration code, the plugin significantly boosts availability for aesthetically impaired designers and supports multitasking workflows through hands-free error medical diagnosis. Educational applications show particular promise, with pilot studies indicating 45% faster debugging skill acquisition among novice programmers. Future development will incorporate GPT-based repair suggestions and real-time multilingual translation to further advance auditory debugging paradigms. The solution represents a fundamental shift toward human-centric error diagnostics, bridging critical gaps in programming accessibility while establishing new standards for cognitive efficiency in software development workflows.

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Amiri, S. M. H., Islam, M.M., Hossen, M.S., Amiri, S. M. H., Mamun, M.S.A., Kabir,S.H., Akter, N.(2025). Hear Your Code Fail, Voice-Assisted Debugging for Python. arXiv, Cornell University. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.15007

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Global supply chains suffer from fragmented data silos, limited transparency, and vulnerability to fraud/counterfeiting. Traditional centralized systems fail to provide real-time, immutable traceability, leading to inefficiencies in recalls, compliance, and stakeholder trust.

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Global supply chains suffer from fragmented data silos, limited transparency, and vulnerability to fraud/counterfeiting. Traditional centralized systems fail to provide real-time, immutable traceability, leading to inefficiencies in recalls, compliance, and stakeholder trust. We propose blockchain-based architecture leveraging distributed ledger technology (DLT) and smart contracts to create an end-to-end transparent, tamper-proof traceability system. This work designs and validates an enterprise-ready blockchain framework (Hyperledger Fabric) integrated with IoT sensors, uniquely addressing scalability and interoperability gaps in prior solutions. It quantifies performance-security trade-offs and stakeholder adoption barriers. A modular architecture was implemented, combining RFID/GPS sensors for data acquisition, PBFT consensus, and automated smart contracts. A real-world agri-food supply chain case study (organic coffee) evaluated performance, security, and usability across 5 stakeholder tiers. The system achieved 350 TPS throughput with < 2 - second latency, reducing paperwork by 85% and dispute resolution time by 30%. Security audits confirmed zero tampering incidents. Stakeholder surveys (N=42) showed 89% trust improvement but highlighted cost (72%) and technical literacy (58%) as adoption hurdles. Comparative analysis demonstrated 40% lower operational redundancy versus hybrid systems. Blockchain significantly enhances supply chain transparency and traceability with measurable efficiency gains. Future work will integrate AI-driven predictive analytics and cross-chain protocols.

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Amiri, S. M. H., Islam, M.M., Hossen, M.S., Amiri, S. M. H., Mamun, M.S.A., Akter, N.(2025). Blockchain-enabled solutions for enhancing supply chain transparency and traceability. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 16(1), 824-837. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.16.1.2102

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The industrial age-based education system, based on conformity and measurement, fails to align with 21st-century needs the integrated emotional, cultural and technological needs of our century.

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The industrial age-based education system, based on conformity and measurement, fails to align with 21st-century needs the integrated emotional, cultural and technological needs of our century. This paper explores a set of curricular principles upon which empathy, engagement and equity are placed at the centre of the transformation of learners for a challenging world of change. Existing studies highlight the importance of SEL and student-centred pedagogy yet there remains a gap in the fuller integration of these dimensions in dismantling systemic inequities and promoting meaningful participation. When I say this, it is because this is about as simple as I get, in terms of opposing current systems that favour academic micro-results over the fully human; offering power to the power-less, and which disserve underserved populations and work from a paradigm of disaffection. Borrowed from a fusion of conceptual perspectives of compassionate pedagogy, universal design for learning (UDL), and critical race theory this work posits that empathy drives inclusive classrooms, engagement empowers learners though unique voice and interest, and equity carries the whole by removing the structural barriers. Some key findings are that curricula that integrate empathy-building activities in the classroom (such as perspective-taking play) are associated with better cooperation and less bullying and that equity-focused practices such as culturally responsive teaching close achievement gaps. Approaches to engagement such as project-based learning and student choice clearly do have motivational and thinking-in-the-right-way effects. The implications for policymakers, educators, curriculum designers, couldn’t be timelier: Rethink assessment, invest in training around SEL and anti-bias for educators, reallocate resources to low-funded schools. This framework demands that our community leave behind token reforms and accept systemic change that centres education as the transformative engine for social justice and collective rising. Without these shifts, the vision of high-quality, future-ready education will go steady unfulfilled for many.

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Amiri, S. M. H. (2025). Empathy, Engagement, Equity: The Three Pillars of Tomorrow’s Curriculum. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 12(6), 693-708. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.12060056

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Natural Language Computing (NLC) the intersection of natural language processing and artificial intelligence is poised to overcome these barriers with neural machine translation...

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Natural Language Computing (NLC) the intersection of natural language processing and artificial intelligence is poised to overcome these barriers with neural machine translation, real-time multilingual translation platforms and emotionaware systems. This article follows the evolution of NLC from its early rule-based approach to the transformer-driven models we see today and discusses its transformative applications across healthcare, humanitarian aid, business and entertainment. But the road to a universal translator is littered with obstacles: AIs have trouble with cultural nuance, tend to amplify biases that favor dominant languages, and risk wiping out linguistic diversity. Emergent technologies like context-aware architectures, decentralized AI, and augmented reality integration show us the core of the future bridging divides without homogenizing expression. But ethical considerations hang over these developments can machine truly mirror the empathy of human translators, and how do we reconcile progress and cultural protection? This article makes the case, through advocacy for inclusive design, community driven models and strong ethical guardrails, that NLC's real power is not about replacement of human language, but rather enhancement of its fullness. Only through a content creation and translation process that is equitable, sustainable, and respectful of global diversity can we hope to achieve a truly language agnostic world.

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Amiri, S. M. H. (2025). The babel fish of the digital age: Natural language computing as a universal translator. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 15(03), 927-939. Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.15.3.1839

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The role of AI in auditing is quickly changing the world of business assurance. Traditional audit is limited in terms of scope, speed, and accuracy as business operates in more complex financial ecosystems.

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The role of AI in auditing is quickly changing the world of business assurance. Traditional audit is limited in terms of scope, speed, and accuracy as business operates in more complex financial ecosystems. AI tools from machine learning algorithms to natural language processing and robotics process automation have the ability to enable auditors to analyse large data sets and detect anomalies leading to a continuous real-time audit. This article discusses how AI is changing the auditor's toolbox and by extension, transforming auditor role in providing value-added insights to companies. Based on a thorough literature review and an empirical analysis with practicing audit professionals and financial professionals, this work examines the current use of AI in the context of audit, as well as the beliefs about its potential and risks, and the emerging role it is expected to have in the work of auditors. Results show that AI can significantly improve audit quality, fraud detection, and/or enterprise risk and introduces some important challenges in data governance, transparency, and ethical oversight. The paper finds that AI does not substitute auditors but complements them by reallocating their focus from manual checking to strategic thinking and analysis. This development will require upskilling, adaptation of regulation, and a nuanced approach to combining the possibilities offered by technologies with professional norms. The paper provides actionable suggestions for auditors and audit firms and policy makers interested in leveraging AI for better business assurance.

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Amiri, S. M. H., Mithila, M. (2025). Redefining the Auditor’s Toolkit: AI and the future of business assurance. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 15(03), 737-744. Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.15.3.1789

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The swift embedding of technology in education necessitates a reimagination of pedagogies, though the distance between policies on paper and realities on the ground continue to prevail.

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The swift embedding of technology in education necessitates a reimagination of pedagogies, though the distance between policies on paper and realities on the ground continue to prevail. This paper examines how education policy can support the journey for bridging traditional modes of pedagogy with technology led practice, to achieve equitable and sustainable transformation. Through the lens of policy architectures, technology implementation hurdles, and pedagogical transformation, the research examines cases from across the globe from digital literacy programs in Estonia to AI-enhanced classrooms in South Korea, and India's National Education Policy 2020 to find systemic pain points and entryways for innovation. Key lessons identify an overemphasis in fragmented policy discourse on infrastructure as opposed to pedagogy readiness, further contributing to digital divides and associated ethical concerns in algorithmic bias and data privacy. There are also teacher training voids and curriculum inflexibilities that lock in place ineffective tech integration. The review highlights the importance of equity-informed policies, such as widespread availability of broadband and devices and professional development for educators, as well as ethical standards for AI use. Advocating for processes that align technological scalability with pedagogical intentionality, this paper charts a systemic reform path: promoting collaboration between education, policy, and technology, modernizing content in order to highlight digitally citizenship, and incubating equity as a foundational element in EdTech work. Finally, the study concludes that such successful pedagogical changes are more likely in the tech era when policy will prioritize human-cantered innovation that leverages technology to support (rather that supplant the irreplaceable role of the teacher and the diversity of learners.

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Amiri, S. M. H. (2025). Blackboards to Algorithms: Policy support for pedagogical shifts in the tech era. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 15(03), 745-758. Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.15.3.1776

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The rapid adoption of automated accounting systems has transformed the accounting profession, reshaped traditional roles and introducing new opportunities and challenges.

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The rapid adoption of automated accounting systems has transformed the accounting profession, reshaped traditional roles and introducing new opportunities and challenges. This study explores the impact of automation on accounting practices, focusing on how it has redefined the role of the accountant. Automation, driven by technologies such as robotic process automation (RPA), artificial intelligence (AI), and cloud-based tools, has alleviated manual, repetitive tasks, enabling accountants to focus on higher-level functions like data analysis, strategic decision-making, and advisory services. While automation offers significant advantages in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and real-time data processing, it also brings challenges, including concerns over job displacement, data security, and the need for new skill sets. The research discusses how the profession is evolving from a traditional role focused on bookkeeping and compliance to one centered on data-driven decision-making and organizational strategy. The study further examines the implications of these changes for accounting professionals, organizations, and educational institutions. Recommendations are provided for policymakers, educators, and accounting professionals on how to navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by automation. This paper contributes to the growing body of literature on accounting technology and provides a roadmap for the future of the profession in an increasingly automated world.

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Amiri, S. M. H., Mithila, M. (2025).Automated accounting systems: Redefining the role of the accountant. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 15(02), 908-920. Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.15.2.1476

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In response to the tumultuous speed at which the technology continues to evolve and other aspects like social inequalities and changes in the workforce demands...

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In response to the tumultuous speed at which the technology continues to evolve and other aspects like social inequalities and changes in the workforce demands, the global education system is left with no other option than to rethink their strategies and adopt a more innovative approach. This paper delves into the successful education policy approaches in different global settings such as Finland, Singapore, and Estonia, which were employed by various countries in the world. Furthermore, it takes a look at developing countries and the like, by addressing the innovations that have occurred. Into the report, the writer discusses the main points of view, which include student-focused learning methods, the introduction of technology in the curriculum, competency-based education, and programs that aim at enhancing educational equality. The described strategies drive the foundational aspects important in the adaptability, inclusiveness, and standard of the education systems capable of the preparation of students to the challenges of the future. On this note, it is worth mentioning that the paper also talks about some of the difficulties that the countries might encounter during the process of implementing innovative policies. For example, the limitations to resources, the sustainability of educational reforms, and the constant disparities in educational access are the main obstacles that hinder the changes of the educational systems. In spite of the above problems, the initiatives were a success in several countries with the help of the following interventions equity, training teachers, and performing digital operations. Through the application of the case studies, and observation of the recent developments in the field, the research brings forth critical knowledge to policymakers, educators, and researchers who want to design effective and inclusive education systems. It should be noted that the study emphasizes that the continuous changes in education and inter-state cooperation are the key elements for the development of education policies that are responsive to today ’ s learners who have a multitude of needs. The article lays down feasible directions that people who are seeking to foster educational innovation and guarantee that learners, all over the world, are prepared for a forever changing world can take up.

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Amiri, S. M. H., Islam, M. M., Kabir, S. H., Mamun, M. S. A., Akter, N. (2025). Innovative Approaches to Education Policy: Lessons from Global Practices. Addaiyan Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(3), 12-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5214562

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Education coverage performs a critical role in shaping curriculum requirements and making sure equitable mastering opportunities.

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Education coverage performs a critical role in shaping curriculum requirements and making sure equitable mastering opportunities. However, socio-financial disparities remain a substantial barrier to the powerful implementation of those policies, main to inequities in useful resource accessibility, allocation, and studying outcomes. This paper examines the challenges of imposing honest curriculum standards due to financial constraints, highlighting gaps in resource provision, teacher preparedness, policy execution, and the position of both governmental and personal groups. Schools in low-profits regions often conflict with inadequate funding, inadequate infrastructure, constrained virtual sources, and, in a few instances, unqualified educators. The virtual divide, exacerbated with the aid of earnings disparities, in addition hinders the uniform utility of curricula. Additionally, trainer recruitment and retention issues in financially deprived areas make a contribution to inconsistencies in training great. This observe explores global examples of successful interventions, evaluating Finland’s nationally standardized schooling gadget with the USA’ decentralized, assets tax-based funding model. While Finland has accomplished a more inclusive education system, the U.S. Maintains to stand inequalities because of its funding structure. Policy tips include multiplied economic aid for underfunded colleges, reforms in teacher education packages, strengthening policy enforcement, and improving technological infrastructure. Ensuring equitable access to generation, using nicely-trained educators, and adopting truthful funding mechanisms are critical steps towards inclusive schooling. This paper contributes to the continued training reform debate, advocating for systemic coverage adjustments to offer all college students with splendid getting to know opportunities, no matter socio-economic background.

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Amiri, S. M. H., Islam, M. M., Akter, N., Kabir, S. H. (2025). Education Policy and Socioeconomic Disparities: Challenges in Implementing Equitable Curriculum Standards. Addaiyan Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(2), 35-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5214558

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